For example, a child who glides liquids might not have /l/ and /w/ clearly stored as different phonemes in their brain-a phonological error-AND might also not be able to move the tongue tip to the alveolar ridge to produce /l/-the articulation error. Kids that have both types of errors have incorrect/fuzzy representations stored in their brains AND make motor mistakes. Of course, in a lot of cases, articulation and phonological issues are both in the mix. Therefore, phonological therapy needs to help the child internalize the correct phonological rules. When you start looking, phonology is everywhere: even single-sound errors might show up phonologically in a child’s decoding and spelling. This might show up as inconsistent errors. Fuzzy phonological representations happen when kids are still learning to make sense of the rules, like the fact that fricatives are long and noisy and stops are short, so they aren’t able to clearly and consistently distinguish fricatives from stops. This might surface as a consistent stopping error. For example, the aspirated /p/ in “pin” and the unaspirated one in “spin” both fit in our same mental category of English /p/-although the same wouldn’t be true for every language! A child with phonological errors may have internalized the “wrong” rules-like disregarding the manner difference between /s/ and /t/ and storing them in the same mental category. When we learn the phonology of a language, our brains learn the rules for which qualities of sounds are phonemic and important for meaning (like the final voicing difference in /bæk/ vs /bæg/), and which aren’t. Phonological errors, on the other hand, are language-based, meaning that the child has incorrect or fuzzy mental representations of the speech sounds. We make a distinction between articulation and phonologically based errors because we need to address them differently and because the phonology side of things has had a tendency to get overlooked.Īrticulation errors are motor-based-there’s a breakdown in the movement of the articulators, so our therapy for articulation errors focuses on accurate placement and movement of the tongue, lips, teeth, etc. Let’s get this party started!Īrticulation versus phonology and why it matters Grab our downloadable chart of treatment approaches here, but don’t skip the discussion, ok? Context matters. Your lingering questions, plus resources for digging deeperīefore you ask-yes, there’s a cheat sheet.A rundown of the major treatment approaches and their evidence bases.Is there even a difference? Paradigm shift! A quick review of the difference between articulation-based and phonologically-based SSDs.But never fear! You can search all of those topics using the filters in our database to find reviews on supporting speech for those kiddos. That means that we’re not talking motor speech (CAS & dysarthria), or speech disorders related to cleft/craniofacial conditions or to hearing differences. To narrow things down, we’ll be focusing only on idiopathic (traditionally called “functional”) SSDs-those rooted in articulation and/or phonology and without a known cause. That’s exactly why we’ve put together this Ask TISLP: to give you a starting point for making informed treatment decisions. All these evidence-based options can be a challenge to navigate, though, and choosing the right approach could mean the difference between a child meeting their goals and “graduating” from speech and that same child staying on the caseload for years. It’s one of the areas of practice our field was founded on, and one where we’re fortunate to have an array of treatment approaches (like, dozens) backed up by decades of research, for both phonological and articulation disorders. It’s one of those things our relatives who don’t really understand what we do assume is the only thing we do. We made a correction to the research linked under the complexity approach. This review was updated from the original version in August 2022.
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